An undertaker is your agent, your deputy, your colleague. You are the funeral director!

You are in charge. The person who has died is your responsibility. It is entirely up to you to decide whether or not you want to pay someone else to undertake matters on your behalf.

You employ an undertaker to do those things for you, and only those things, which you decide to delegate to him/her. An undertaker is an agent.

Undertakers are currently not subject to any statutory regulatory framework in England and Wales. Anyone can call themselves an undertaker. In Scotland, legislation was introduced in 2016 and a Funeral Director Code of Practice was published in 2024

If you engage the services of an undertaker, you are protected by consumer protection laws. Find out what your rights are here and here.

You will sign a contract with the funeral director for the supply of goods and services. You can require the funeral director to sign a contract with you concerning the privacy, security, dignity and care of the person who has died. Download a sample contract here: Contract.

It is an historic principle of English common law that there is no property in a dead body. Have a look  here.

No one owns the body of a person who has just died: “the only lawful possessor of a corpse is the earth.”

When this law was established, a dead body was, indeed, “worthless”. The only thing to do with it was dispose of it by means of “lawful and decent burial” – according to the rites of the established Church, of course.

Over time, the law in this area has become vague and inconsistent and new laws are needed to make sense of things as they are now. Today, dead bodies do have potential value. A dead body can be used for medical research, as a teaching aid, for tissue donation or as an anatomical exhibit. What’s more, it is now possible to convert a dead body into a piece of property by “work or skills” – such as Bodyworlds.

If it is simply your intention to arrange for someone who has died to be buried or cremated, all you need to know is that the law recognises the right of certain people to take possession of a dead body without delay. Note: taking possession is not the same thing as having ownership.

The law assumes that the person who assumes the right to take possession of a dead body recognises a duty to dispose of it. In most cases, this is exactly what the possessor does – but you don’t have to.

It is unlawful to:

Detain a body (against, say, the payment of a debt).

Refuse to deliver a body to the Executors for burial

Conspire to prevent a lawful and decent burial

Dispose of a body to prevent an inquest

Sell a body for dissection

Expose a body in a public place if to do so would shock public decency

For more information on the legal status of a dead body, click here.

The coroner has a superior right, if s/he chooses, to take temporary possession of a dead body in order to find out the cause of death. Learn more here. 

When the coroner has completed his/her investigation of the circumstances (this may involve an examination of the body) the body will be released to the personal representative of the person who has died.

A hospital has the right to detain the body of anyone who has died of a notifiable disease if it is deemed by a suitably qualified clinician that the body may be infectious.

If the person who died made a Will, and the coroner does not wish to take possession of the body, an Executor, whether a family member or not, has the immediate right to act as personal representative and take possession of the body. The Executor has the right to delegate this to a family member, but the Executor also has the right to overrule a family member. 

If the person who died did not make a Will or if the Will did not appoint an Executor/s, you can find out who the rightful personal representative/s is/are by consulting the Non-Contentious Probate Rules, rule 22. 

You do not need to apply for a letter of administration if the person who has died had little money and no property – in other words, an estate.

In the case of the death of an adopted child, adoptive parents have a better right to possession than natural parents, but natural parents have a better right than foster parents.

Note 1: if the person who died was not married to, or in a civil partnership with, his/her partner, the living partner has no automatic right to make funeral and/or disposal arrangements. If, however, the person who died made a will and appointed an unmarried partner as Executor, s/he has full power to act as personal representative.

Note 2: It is often assumed that the ‘next-of-kin’ has the prior right to take charge. Next-of-kin is often used in a very unclear way to mean, for example, an emergency contact. When someone is alive, next-of-kin have certain rights, but when that person dies, unless the next-of-kin is named as an Executor, it is the personal representative who takes charge.

The person with the right to take possession of the body has the right to do so as soon as death happens. 

There’s no need to produce any documentation or pick up a medical (cause of death) certificate on the way out, you can get that later. Find out what all your rights are in this area by clicking here.

Do not be dissuaded by managers of funeral homes or mortuaries telling you that they will not release a body without production of a green certificate. This is against the law. They cannot hold a body hostage under any circumstances from the personal representative or their appointed agent.

If someone dies at home, you can keep them there. If someone dies in a hospital or a hospice you can bring them home. Don’t let anyone tell you otherwise. If they do, show them this.

You don’t have to hide the body from view, but you must not expose it naked in public or in such a way as to outrage public decency. If you did so, you could be prosecuted. You don’t have to take a body anywhere in a coffin. You don’t have to take a body to a funeral in a coffin – ordinary clothes, a shroud, blanket, sheet or other wrapping will suffice. More info here.

You have the right to care for the body of someone who has died at home. To find out what you’ll need to do, go to the Do It All Yourself page of the website. It is wise to think about this in advance. Some consider it to be an extraordinary privilege. For others the process may be too challenging.

If you do not wish to accept responsibility for organising a funeral, there is no law that will force you to do so, other than the fact that a parent has a duty in common law to bury (i.e., bury or cremate) their child if they can afford to.

In R v Stewart (1840) Chief Justice Denman made this judgement: “We have no doubt… that the common law casts on someone the duty of carrying to the grave, decently covered, the dead body of any person dying in such a state of indigence as to leave no funds for that purpose … It would seem that the individual under whose roof a poor person dies is bound to carry the body decently covered to the place of burial.”

A hospital counts as a householder in law, which is why hospitals will arrange and pay for a funeral for any patient who has died and whose body has not been claimed.

A local authority has a duty to arrange burial or cremation who dies in “residential accommodation for persons aged eighteen or over who by reason of age, illness, disability or any other circumstances are in need of care and attention which is not otherwise available to them; and residential accommodation for expectant and nursing mothers who are in need of care and attention which is not otherwise available to them.” (National Assistance Act 1948 PIII, S21)

In theory the owner of any premises (eg hotel, private house) where someone dies has a common law duty to bury or cremate at their own expense, but this has never, as far as we know, been tested in law.

If no one will accept responsibility for burying or cremating a dead person, the local authority is bound to take over and arrange for this disposal of the body.

“It shall be the duty of a local authority to cause to be buried or cremated the body of any person who has died or been found dead in their area, in any case where it appears to the authority that not suitable arrangements for the disposal of the body have been or are being made otherwise than by the authority.” (Public Health (Control of Disease) Act 1984 S46). 

A local authority may recover expenses from the estate, if any, of the person who died: “An authority may recover from the estate of the deceased person or from any person who for the purposes of the National Assistance Act 1948 was liable to maintain the deceased person immediately before his death expenses incurred.”

A local authority funeral, or public health funeral, is a simple and dignified affair to which people are invited. It is often called a paupers’ funeral, especially by the media. This is an alarmist and stigmatising term, and it is wholly misleading.

For those who cannot afford the full cost of a simple funeral, does there exist an option of refusing to accept responsibility and, instead, leaving their local authority to do its duty? The answer to this question has to be probably. 

We are not aware of any prosecution for failing to discharge this duty, nor of civil proceedings to recover costs from those held responsible.

Your legal duty is to satisfy the state that the cause of death has been reported by a ‘qualified person’ within 5 days: excellent info here. 

A ‘qualified person’ is defined here at 16 & 17 (a funeral director is not allowed to do this; an Executor who is not a relative cannot do this either, unless there is no relative and the Executor was present at the death.)

The purpose of registration is to ensure that the death has been certified and recorded; foul play has been ruled out; and accurate health and disease information has been recorded.

So: the death must be certified by a doctor who provided care during the last illness and who saw the person who has died within 14 days of death (28 days in Northern Ireland) or after death.

There is no legal definition of death in the UK

The death must be notified by a qualified person to the registrar within 5 days and registered within 14 days:

The registrar will issue:

a Death Certificate — proof that the death has been registered

a Certificate for Burial and Cremation, also known as the green form, giving the go-ahead for the person’s body to be buried or for you to apply for cremation. A green form will not be issued if a coroner needs to issue an alternative document for a burial or cremation. If the person who died was reported to the coroner, find out what happens next here.

a Certificate of Registration of Death (form BD8) for use in dealing with the dead person’s state pension or other benefits.

If you want to bury the person who has died you can now go ahead – unless the death happened in England or Wales and you wish to take the body for burial or cremation to another country, even Scotland, Northern Ireland, the Isle of Man or the Channel Islands. You’ll need to have the permission of the coroner. You apply for this by filling in Form 104 (Form of Notice to a Coroner of Intention to Remove a Body out of England). The registrar should be able to give you that form – as mentioned at the bottom of “Part B” on the green form which the registrar will give you.

If the death happened abroad, see here.

Failure to register a death is a summary offence punishable by a fine.

Having registered a death, a registrar will, unless notified, subsequently make enquiries concerning the disposal of the body. Normally, the burial ground or crematorium will notify the registrar. See 5 and 6 here.

You will not be required to sign an undertaking to dispose of the body; there is just an assumption that you will.

If you fail to dispose of the body in good time you may face prosecution for preventing a lawful and decent burial (cf Rausing) and/or conspiracy to prevent burial. If the body is decomposing, they might have a point; as they would, also, if you were displaying the body in a manner likely to outrage public decency. But they wouldn’t if you are caring for the dead body in other ways.

In the UK there are no laws that require a funeral be held. The law requires only that a body be disposed of by burial, cremation of any other means (section 41 of the Births and Deaths Registration Act 1953 )

When family members have strong and differing views and beliefs, they may find it difficult to agree about funeral arrangements (among other things).  When a dispute cannot be settled amicably, or through arbitration, only a judge in a court of law can settle it.

If you opt for cremation, the application form will ask you: Is there any near relative(s) or Executor(s) who has not been informed of the proposed cremation? This is to prevent someone from cremating a body without their knowledge. It also covers a circumstance where an Executor refuses to arrange disposal and someone else undertakes to do so instead.

The form will also ask you: Has any near relative or Executor expressed any objection to the proposed cremation? In such a circumstance, the objector can seek an injunction in a court of law to prevent the cremation.

If the disputed means of disposal is burial, an objector can seek an injunction to stop it.

In the same way, personal representatives may go to court to settle a dispute about the destination of cremated remains, usually called ashes.

The person who makes arrangements with a funeral director makes him or herself responsible for paying the bill. By making the funeral arrangements, you are entering into a contract with the funeral director and agreeing to pay them for the services / goods you are choosing.

Having entered into such a contract, a funeral director has every right to answer directly to their client and no one else. This means that if, for example, a client instructs a funeral director not to permit visits to the person who has died, or not to share any information at all about the funeral, the funeral director is likely to follow their instructions unless directed otherwise by a court.

Funeral directors tend to be reluctant to enter into a contract with a client if they are aware of family disagreements or estrangements, simply because of the potential for future problems.

Reasonable funeral expenses are recoverable from the deceased’s estate, on which they have first claim. If there is money in a bank account, you should be able to present the invoice from the funeral director and have the funds released by the bank.

Claimants of means-tested benefits and tax credits may be eligible for a contribution to funeral expenses from the Social Fund. See here.

Embalming is only required by law where the body is to be moved overseas. International repatriation, whether to or from the UK means that a body must be embalmed. 

Embalming is not a legal requirement in the UK under any other circumstances.

Until the Human Rights Act 1998, a person’s wishes or instructions concerning their funeral were not binding on their personal representative/s, who could dispose of their body as they saw fit. The reason for this was that a Will is an instrument designed for the sole purpose of disposing of property. There is no property in a dead body, therefore there is no legal requirement to honour funeral wishes.

However, while not legally binding, the funeral wishes of the person may be used to build a case in court if, for example, the disposal method is disputed as in Anstey & Mundle (2016) where three daughters and a niece were unable to agree on the final burial place of a man who had been born in Jamaica.

Funeral wishes are still not, as a matter of course, legally binding but, in certain circumstances, a court of law may order that they are carried out. Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights has been invoked by one judge when pronouncing that funeral wishes are binding on personal representatives (Borrows v HM Coroner for Preston [2008]), but dismissed by another judge on the grounds that dead people do not have human rights (Ibuna v Arroyo [2012]).

Article 9 of the European Convention on Human Rights may or may not uphold the funeral wishes of those with strong religious beliefs who expect to be disposed of in accordance with those beliefs. The law has yet to be tested in this matter.

In certain circumstances a judge may remove an Executor or administrator who is at odds with either other Executors/administrators or members of the family – see Removing and replacing a personal representative below.

There is no entitlement to statutory bereavement leave in England, Wales or Scotland other than parental leave. Statutory parental leave is available for employees where a child is either stillborn after 24 weeks pregnancy or dies under the age of 18.

Other than parental leave, a bereaved person has no legal right to take time off work after a bereavement, beyond time off to make funeral arrangements and time off to attend the funeral. More detail here. 

In the words of Acas: “Employees cannot expect to be granted leave automatically. When leave isn’t granted, they may have to use their holiday allowance.”

Employment Rights Act 1966 57A:

An employee is entitled to be permitted by his employer to take a reasonable amount of time off during the employee’s working hours in order to take action which is necessary … (c) in consequence of the death of a dependant. 

A dependant is classed as a spouse or civil partner, a child, a parent, a person who lives in the same household as the employee, otherwise than by reason of being his employee, tenant, lodger or boarder.

Some workplaces will have an entitlement to bereavement leave written into their contracts of employment. If not, time off, if any, is awarded at the discretion of the employer.

Under certain circumstances a court may rule to remove and replace a personal representative.

The Senior Courts Act 1981, section 116 states: ‘If by reason of any special circumstances it appears to the High Court to be necessary or expedient to appoint as administrator some person other than the person who, but for this section, would in accordance with probate rules have been entitled to the grant, the court may in its discretion appoint as administrator such person as it thinks expedient.’

The Non-Contentious Probate Rules 1987 (rule 27.6) similarly allow for an administrator to be passed over. Find out more here.

Where land is owned outright, with no mortgage or loan, it is legal to bury a person on that land, subject to a few restrictions:

Check there is no covenant on the land that could prohibit a burial. 

Ensure there are no byelaws preventing the burial. 

Be prepared for the value of your property to be negatively affected by the presence of a grave. 

If the proposed location of the grave is overlooked by neighbouring properties, be prepared for objections from your neighbours.

Be aware that a subsequent owner may apply for an exhumation licence and have the body moved.

You are advised to make sure that the body will not pose a health hazard by polluting water supplies. So, according to the Environment Agency:  the site should be more than 30m from any spring or any other body of water and 10m from any dry ditch or field drain. The site should be at least 50m from any well, borehole or spring. 

Stay clear of water, gas and electrical services.

In England & Wales the landowner must make and protect a land burial register but not in Scotland. Damage to, alteration or destruction of such a register is an offence.

If you want to bury someone in your garden in England and Wales, read this. In Scotland, read this. 

Planning permission is not required for one or two burials on private land, although more than ‘a few’ burials could legally deem the land to be a cemetery, and thus require involvement of the local authority and the planning department.

It is the view of John Bradfield (the leading expert on UK burial law) that “you may hear of various distances of graves from ditches, ponds, wells and so on. Those distances are used for oil storage tanks so have nothing to do with burials. The Environment Agency has stated that there is no evidence of any problems with burials in any places.”

Dead bodies usually pose no risk of infection, unless the final illness was one of a very few which continue to pose a risk to the living for some time after death. If this is the case, you will be told. 

There is not yet sufficient information about the survival of the Covid-19 virus after death – many funeral directors continue to take a precautionary approach in their procedures when caring for the bodies of those who have died to ensure their own and their staff’s safety. 

The microorganisms involved in the decomposition of a dead body are not pathogenic. More information here.

Once a body is buried, it cannot be disturbed or dug up and moved without permission*

If the body is in a churchyard or a consecrated section of a cemetery and you want to rebury it in consecrated ground, you need a Bishop’s Faculty that can be applied for using this form. 

It should be sent to The Chancellor for the Church of England diocese where the graveyard is located. For Roman Catholic and non-conformist churches please contact the local church direct for information.

If the body is in consecrated ground and you want to re-bury it in unconsecrated ground, you need both a Ministry of Justice licence and a Bishop’s Faculty.

If the body is in unconsecrated ground and you want to re-bury it in unconsecrated ground, you need a Ministry of Justice licence.

*A coroner can order an exhumation if s/he wants to examine the body.

 *Under certain circumstances, such as for the purposes of town planning, bodies can be moved. Section 2 of the Disused Burial Grounds (Amendment) Act 1981 concerns the disposal of human remains. It provides that: ‘Where any human remains are interred in such land no building shall be erected upon it otherwise than in accordance with section 3 of the principal Act unless: —

(a) the human remains have been removed and reinterred or cremated in accordance with the provisions of the Schedule to this Act; and

(b) any tombstones, monuments or memorials commemorating the deceased persons have been dealt with in accordance with those provisions

and the other requirements of the said Schedule have been complied with in respect thereof.

Prior to the  Cremation (England and Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2016 , cremated remains were not specifically defined, but under the Regulations, cremated remains, or more colloquially, ‘ashes’ are defined as ‘all the material left in the cremator after a cremation following the removal of any metal and any subsequent grinding or other process which is applied to the material’.

Cremated remains may be property, they may not be. Whether or not ashes have the status of property remains untested.

More about the legal status of cremated remains here. 

More information on the scattering of cremated remains here and here.

The person who applied for the cremation is usually the person who has the right to take custody of the cremated remains. 

In the instance of any disputes, where the person who died left a Will, the Executor(s) have the right to take custody of the cremated remains, and have a moral duty to dispose of them according to any instructions in the Will, whether or not relatives agree.

If the person died intestate, the hierarchy established in the Non Contentious Probate Rules 1987 is applicable to determine who has the right to take custody:

• The surviving spouse
• Surviving children or grandchildren
• Parents of the person who died
• Blood-related brothers and sisters – or nieces and nephews if siblings have died
• Grandparents
• Blood-related uncles and aunts – or cousins if uncles and aunts have died

Where this hierarchy is unhelpful is in instances where there is a dispute between same ranked family members about what to do with the cremated remains. This can usually only be resolved by taking the matter to court, although historically, the courts have been reluctant to become involved in such disputes.

The law governing the disposal of cremated remains is muddled. This is because, the Cremation Act, 1902 supposed that everyone would want to bury ashes after cremation. It did not envisage people wanting to scatter them.

Inasmuch as ashes do not constitute a health hazard, nor do they outrage public decency, you can do what you like with them. But if you bury them in a local authority-run cemetery and subsequently want to dig them up and move them, you may encounter difficulties.

Local Authorities Cemeteries Order 1977 (LACO) which applies to local authority cemeteries, defines “burial” as including both “human remains” and “cremated human remains”.  All interments are recorded in the burial register and there can only be an exhumation with a faculty or a licence. An exception, it seems, is Northern Ireland, where the recording of a burial of cremated remains is at the discretion of the cemetery manager.

LACO is consistent with the Burial Act 1857: “it shall not be lawful to remove any body, or the remains of any body, which may have been interred in any place of burial, without licence.”

What, then, constitutes an interment? In practice, if the buried ashes you want to dig up are in a container, constitute a ‘discernible mass’ and have been recorded in a burial register, you’ll need an Exhumation Licence or a Bishop’s Faculty. But if you’ve buried them in your garden, you can dig them up as often as you like.

If you want to cremate the person who has died there’s more paperwork than for burial. You must apply for cremation by filling in the form Cremation 1 which you can download here. 

If you are not paying a funeral director to deal with the crematorium, you’ll find useful guidelines here.

Under usual circumstances, a second doctor must confirm the cause of death, however, under the Coronavirus Act 2020, the requirement for a second doctor to complete the confirmatory form Cremation 5 has been suspended.

The reason why a second doctor would usually be required to certify the death is to avoid a situation where a) doubt is later expressed concerning cause of death or b) it is suspected the person has been murdered by their doctor (cf Dr Shipman) or somebody else. If a body is buried it can be dug up (exhumed) and tested. If it’s been cremated it can’t.

When you apply for cremation (in non-Covid times), the doctor who first certified the death plus a second doctor must support your application. The guidelines they follow are here. The forms they fill in are, for the first doctor, Cremation 4, here and for the second doctor, Cremation 5 here.

These forms – the application for cremation plus certification of cause of death by both doctors – are examined by the medical referee at the crematorium. More info here. When the referee is satisfied, they fill in this form here.

If you want to inspect the medical certificate(s) before the medical referee authorises the cremation, you can do that. Find out your rights here.

For all other information concerning the Cremation Regulations 2008, click here.

The right to cremate a body was established in 1884 by the remarkable William Price. When Price was brought to court on a charge of cremating his son in public, the judge ruled that burning a dead body is not a misdemeanour unless it constitutes a public nuisance. The London-based Cremation Society had until that time been deterred from firing up its crematorium at Woking for fear of prosecution. As one authority has written, “The worthy, social elites who founded the Cremation Society played their part in the movement – but it took Price’s shamanic balls of steel to actually do the deed.” Indeed, establishing the legality of cremation was very much a Welsh achievement (see Williams v Williams).  

The verdict in the Price case paved the way for the Cremation Act 1902 which forbade anyone to “knowingly carry out or procure or take part in the burning of any human remains” anywhere but a crematorium, a crematorium being defined as “any building fitted with appliances for the purpose of burning human remains,” including “everything incidental or ancillary thereto.”

Nevertheless, when, in 2005, David Wrigglesworth cremated his mother in his back garden, Judge James Stewart QC said: “By burning her body, you did not, the public may be surprised to hear, commit a criminal offence.” The grounds for this judgement were the same as in the Price case: no public nuisance was proved.

In 2010 Davinder Gai won the right to be burned by traditional fire on a pyre within a structure with sunlight shining directly on his body.

As a result of the Gai case, the Ministry of Justice hastily directed that “the way is not now open automatically for funeral pyres to be held. Burning bodies anywhere other than in a crematorium notified to the Secretary of State for Justice remains a criminal offence.” See letter here.

This is disputed. Legal authorities give the opinion that:

Cremation laws do not prevent one-off, open-air pyres

No planning permission is required for a one-off pyre

If there is uncertainty on the law, and the Crown Prosecution Service decides to take a case to court, the judgment would have to be in favour of the Defendant because any uncertainty about the actual wording of the law and its meaning must tip the balance in their favour.

There is nothing in law about pyres having to be away from public view.

John Bradfield, (who was involved in the Davinder Gai case), believes that it would be illegal to have a pyre in a place where a member of the public would suddenly and unexpectedly find they are very close to and can see a body burning on a fire, e.g., simply by walking along a public footpath.

If you want to run the risk of burning someone on an open-air pyre, be sure first to submit an application for cremation to a local crematorium. This will enable you to demonstrate that the person who died was not murdered and spare you prosecution on a serious charge. You will have to make an appointment for the cremation (which you will not show up for, obviously) and pay the full fee. The registrar, failing to receive notification from the crematorium that the cremation took place, will subsequently enquire of you whether disposal has been accomplished. How you respond is your affair. Were you to say, for example, that you changed your mind and buried the person on private land, it is possible that this would suffice.

There is presently no conventional alternative to burial or cremation in the UK, but in the USA some disposals are carried out by means of alkaline hydrolysis (also known as biocremation, resomation, flameless cremation or water cremation). 

The process is not yet available in the UK, but Resomation Ltd, the company behind the alkaline hydrolysis equipment, successfully achieved a ‘wastewater consent to discharge’ from Yorkshire Water, paving the way for resomation to become a third alternative for disposal of human remains.

A much-quoted process involving the pulverising of a freeze-dried corpse known as Promession was announced some years ago, but no successful trial has been known to have taken place and the process seems still to be at the concept stage.

There are four alternatives to immediate disposal, none of which is available to you unless the dead person made provision when they were alive, and you give the go-ahead when that person is dead. 

If the person who has died opted for one of these, you ought to know all about it. These alternatives are:

Donation of the body to medical science: There is no upper limit on the amount of time a body so donated may be retained but in practice it is normally between 3—5 years.

Cryonic preservation: keeping the body frozen in liquid nitrogen until medical science can find a way of reviving it.

Plastination: a process whereby water is drawn out of the body and replaced by polymers which set hard, after which it is posed and displayed in a Bodyworlds exhibition.

Long-term preservation of the body.

The power of the law to require disposal of a body has been successfully challenged. 

In 1984 a man named Diogenes lay dying. Before he died, he bequeathed his body to the painter Robert Lenkiewicz. 

Lenkiewicz accepted the gift and, when Diogenes died, he embalmed his body. Before long, Plymouth City Council officials, concerned that Diogenes hadn’t been buried or cremated, came looking for his body, determined to dispose of it themselves if the artist wouldn’t.

Lenkiewicz hid Diogenes and refused to tell them where he was.  Years passed. Lenkiewicz died and Diogenes was discovered in a drawer. The council returned and more angry wrangling ensued until in 2002 the coroner ruled that, because the body had been embalmed, Lenkiewicz and then his estate had the right to continued possession of it for as long as Diogenes’ body complies with laws governing environmental health and public decency.

If, therefore, you were to preserve a body in, say, your deep freeze, there is arguably no reason why anyone should require you to dispose of it.

The legal maxim that ‘the only lawful possessor of a corpse is the earth’ has also been challenged. In 1998, the artist Anthony-Noel Kelly exhibited casts of body parts which had been smuggled out to him by lab technician Niel Lyndsay from the Royal College of Surgeons.

Both were arrested and charged with stealing human body parts.  At the trial, the defence submitted at the close of the prosecution case that (i) parts of bodies were not in law capable of being property and therefore could not be stolen, and (ii) that the specimens were not in the lawful possession of the college at the time they were taken because they had been retained beyond the period of two years before burial stipulated in the Anatomy Act 1832, and so did not belong to it.

The trial judge rejected those submissions, ruling that there was an exception to the traditional common law rule that there was no property in a corpse, namely that once a human body or body part had undergone a process of skill by a person authorised to perform it, with the object of preserving it for the purpose of medical or scientific examination, or for the benefit of medical science, it became something quite different from an interred corpse and it thereby acquired a usefulness or value and it was capable of becoming property in the usual way, and could be stolen.

The same applies to body parts “if they have acquired different attributes by virtue of the application of skill of dissection and preservation techniques for exhibition and teaching purposes“.

Whether or not this means that cremation ashes can acquire the status of property is untested (2021).